U.S. History Outline: IV. The Jeffersonians
Public education improved after Revolutionary War
1780-90 - educational opportunities for women and American Indians expanded
By 1800 there were 22 public colleges
Benjamin Rush - founded first medical school, taught sanitation
Early American cultural movements
Hartford Wits - poets
Joel Barlow - "The Columbiad"
Mason Weems, Life of Washington - fictionalized biography
Second Great Awakening
Congregational Church was breaking up, new churches emerged
Unitarian and Universalism
Started in Kentucky in 1801, based on Methodism, Baptism
Completely democratic church system - open to Indians, Blacks, women
Salvation through good works, tolerance of all Protestant sects
Eventually replaced by factory system
Neolin and Handsome Lake
Native American preachers
Handsome Lake encouraged Indians to adopt white way of life
Early American industrial advancements
Cotton gin - made low-grade cotton and slave labor viable
Oliver Evans - steam engine and auto flour mill
Lancaster Pike (1818) - road across Pennsylvania
Fulton & Livingston - steamboat
Merchant marines took over French and English shipping lanes
Growth of cities
Philadelphia was largest city in U.S.
Next largest were New York, Baltimore, Boston, and Charleston
Pierre L'enfant - D.C. architect
Election of 1800 ("Revolution of 1800")
Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) vs. Burr (D-R) vs. Adams (Federalist)
Jefferson and Burr tied, Jefferson won in House of Representatives vote
Jefferson's administration
Spoils system - Jefferson fired Federalist office holders and replaced them
Jefferson scaled down federal government, armed forces, judiciary
Barbary War
Sultan at Tripoli cut down U.S. flag to provoke U.S.
War was never declared, but some skirmishes
Barbary reduced bribe rates and U.S. agreed to pay
Impeachment of Samuel Chase - politically motivated
Toussaint L'Ouverture - led slave revolt in Santo Domingo
Soured Napoleon on colonies
Prompted sale of Lousiana to U.S. for $15,000,000
Louisiana became first Louisiana Purchase state
Exploration - Lewis & Clark to Washington state, Pike in the southwest
Spain ended Pickney Treaty, forbade U.S. to enter New Orleans
U.S. fleet threatened New Orleans
Essex Junto - extreme Federalists
Lead by Aaron Burr (Jefferson's vice president)
Wanted New England to secede (1805)
Hamilton-Burr duel
Burr ran for New York governor and lost, blamed Hamilton for spreading bad PR
1804 - Burr shot Hamilton in duel, fled, and joined mercenaries
Burr claimed he was going to conquer Mexico
U.S. thought he was going to lead a secession movement in the territories
1806 - Burr tried for treason and aquitted
French/English War became Napoleonic Wars
1805 - Trafalgar - England wiped out French fleet
1806 - Napoleon's Continental System
Closed continental Europe to all ships that had docked in England
1807 - Blockade by England
Only ships that had docked in England could trade in Europe
Chesapeake-Leopard incident
Chesapeake refused to allow British to board (because of impressment)
Leopard opened fire
U.S. expelled all British ships from U.S. waters
Britain apologized for the incident
1807 - Embargo, Enforcement Act
No ships could leave U.S.
1809 - Non-intercourse Act
Prohibited trade with France and England
1810 - Macon's Bill No. 2
U.S. would resume trade with whichever nation lifted its restrictions first
France lifted restrictions, and U.S.-French trade resumed
1811 - Embargo against England only
Tippecanoe
William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana
Weakened tribes, looked to England and Spain for aid
The Prophet - preacher, Tecumseh - Shawnee chief
Wanted to unite tribes
1811 - Harrison defeated Indians at Tippecanoe
War movement
War with England would be excuse to annex Florida from Spain, Englands ally
Ambitious war supporters hoped to annex Canada as well
War Hawks - Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun
1810 - U.S. siezed western Florida and annexed it
War of 1812
1812 - U.S. invasion to Canada defeated
U.S. naval victories on Great Lakes
Tecumseh defeated U.S. in Illinois
1813 - Tecumseh killed at the Battle of Thames
1814 - Jackson defeated southern Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend
British burned Washington, D.C. and raided costal towns
1814 - Jackson seized Florida, U.S. turned back British invasion of New York
1815 - Battle of New Orleans
Dec. 1814 - Hartford Convention
Discussed secession, proposed amendments, right of nullification
Destroyed Federalists
1814 - Treaty of Ghent
Signed by John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Albert Galatin
Return to status quo
1815 - Treaty gave U.S. right to trade freely in British empire
1817 - Rush-Bagot Treaty
Disarmed Great Lakes, later expanded into unarmed U.S./Canadan border
War of 1812 opened up West to settlement, but ended hope of conquering Canada or Florida
Post-war economic developments
1819 - Brief post-war depression caused by overproduction
War increased textile mills in New England, cotton production in South
1816 - Many tariffs passed to protect U.S. production
Canal and road systems expanded
Great Migration
From New England to Ohio Valley
From South to Mississippi, Louisiana, and Missouri
Four new states - Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama
1821 - Mexico won independence from Spain, weaker government
American fur trappers moved into southwest
Stephen Long
Explored middle of Louisiana Purchase (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado)
Claimed land was worthless - "Great American Desert"
Era of Good Feelings
Post-war economic growth and prosperity
Only one political party (Republican)
James Madison (president 1808 - 1816)
Made John Q. Adams his Secretary of State
Included different regions/parties in his staff
James Monroe (president 1816 - 1824, kept John Q. Adams as Sec. of State)
1818 - Spain had Seminoles raid U.S.
John Q. Adams ordered Jackson to seize Spanish forts in North Florida
Convinced Spanish they could not defend Florida
1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain gave Florida to U.S.
U.S. gave up claims to Texas to Spain
1819 Depression ended Era of Good Feelings
Blamed on banks, but was really caused by overproduction
1819 - Missouri controversy
Missouri had slaves, but Northerners opposed adding Missouri as a slave state
Federalists used controversy as an issue to gain power
Rufus King (Federalist) ran against Madison
Issue resolved when Maine applied for statehood as a free state
1820 - Missouri Compromise
Missouri and Maine both became states
Southern border of Missouri would be cut-off line for slavery
Monroe Doctrine
Many Latin American countries were declaring independence
U.S. feared European nations would move in and take over the new democracies
1823 - France authorized to invade Spain and take over to end civil war
U.S. feared France would also take over Spanish colonies
Monroe Doctrine
Attempts by Europe to interfere in Western Hemisphere would be taken as threat to the U.S.
At the time, mostly just a show of nationalism
Whig Party formed from remains of Federalist Party
Election of 1824 - John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford
Jackson got the most votes, but no one got a majority
"Corrupt Bargain"
Clay gave his support to Adams
Adams made Clay his Secretary of State
American System (Henry Clay)
Foster U.S. manufacturing with high tariffs
Strengthen National Bank
Direct federal financing of internal improvements (Madison had vetoed a bill for financing internal improvements with federal money)
Adams prevented from actually implementing American System
Jackson's supporters filled Congress and voted against it
Only the tariffs were enacted
1828 - Tariff of Abominations
Election of 1824 - Jackson won by a large margin
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