APStudent.com VIII. The Civil War (1861-1865) Major change caused by Civil War - states lost individual identities & became one nation economically, politically, & socially South had initial advantage, but North had long-term advantage Congress without the South More efficient Passed national development plans Homestead Act (1862) Morral Act (1862) created public trust lands school land - land grant colleges Intercontinental railroad finished Financial development National Bank Act (1863) Created new central bank Made up of state banks holding federal deposits Income tax (1861) Paper money Draft instituted March 1863 First time the U.S. had used a draft Draft riots by poor, Irish Lincoln called for 2-million-man army, wartime production, declared blockade of South "Copperheads" Northern Democrats who denounced war (copperhead is a snake) 1862 - Lincoln suspended Writ of Habeus Corpus Allowed army to arrest civilians who interfered with war Election of 1864 Lincoln (Union Party) versus George McClellan (Northern Dem.) Union Party formed from pro-war factions of many parties McClellan was pro-peace Sherman captured Atlanta a month before election, making it clear North would win war Emancipation Proclamation 1861 - Confiscation Act Declared forfeit slaves of any individual who took up arms against Union Allowed Union army to seize plantations 1862 - John C. Freemont's Emancipation Proclamation Slaves in areas controlled by Union army would be free Jan 1, 1863 - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation Freed slaves in the 11 Confederate states 13th Amendment (1865) Made slavery illegal 14th Amendment (1868) Made former slaves citizens with full rights Barred Conferates from federal government Absolved the U.S. from the Confederacy's debts 15th Amendment (1870) Former slaves had full voting rights Slavery not immediately abolished at state level Women's movements U.S. Sanitary Commission Organized women to serve as nurses for Union army Created by Dorothea Dix Joined by Clara Barton & Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton - Red Cross Susan B. Anthony - women's suffrage Confederacy Government of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis - President Alexander Stephens - VP South divided over question of secession Political elite favored secession People were not all as enthusiastic Enlistment problems led to Southern draft (1862) Confederacy was a weak national government Favored states' rights Some states failed to collect taxes or enforce draft Economics War gave North an economic boom Blockade crippled Southern economy Food riots in South South had military equipment (Calhoun had used influence to move military outposts to South) Commanders Winfield Scott - first Union general Robert E. Lee - Confederate commander Winfield Scott didn't do much, Lincoln replaced him with George McClellan First Phase of War 1862 - Virginia campaigns launched by McClellan D.C. and Richmond were only across Potomac from each other McClellan wanted to seize Richmond 1st Virginia campaign - Peninsular campaign McClellan sailed to Yorktown peninsula, marched toward Richmond Lee cut him off, they entrenched there 2nd front - Battle of Bull Run Union army attacked from the north Stopped by "Stonewall" Jackson 3rd front - Freemont Union army attacked from west Stopped by Jackson 2nd Battle of Bull Run Direct attack from D.C. to Richmond Union lost again Fall of 1826 South attacked D.C. from the northwest Stopped at Antietam (Jackson again) First major Union victor Union general - Burnside North pushed straight on towards Richmond, but were stopped at Battle of Fredricksburg May 1863 Lee marched to Antietam, trying another northwest attack Entered Gettysburg and met Union army July 1863 - Battle of Gettysburg Decisive Union victory Stonewall Jackson killed Southern army retreated back to Confederacy Second Phase of War Union decided to strangle South by stopping supplies Union needed to take Mississippi to cut off South from West South had forts all along Mississippi Grant (Union general in West) moved down Mississippi, taking major ports 1862 - Grant took Ft. Henry & Ft. Shiloh on Ohio River More people died at Shiloh than had been killed in every U.S. war to date Grant got nickname "Unconditional Surrender" 1862 - Union ironclads began to move up Mississippi, taking New Orleans June 1862 - Vicksburg attacked Sherman (Union army) attacked from north Farragut (Union ironclads) attacked from south Fortress at Vicksburg repelled both attacks Wilderness campaigns Northern guerilla troops slowly moved south through border states 1862-3 - Siege of Vicksburg Vicksburg surrendered July 4, 1863 Coincided with Gettysburg victory 1863 - Pause in the war - both sides exhausted Draft riots in North, food riots in South South almost completely cut off from supplies South low on men, North insituted draft Third Phase of War Ulysses S. Grant took control of Union army, set out to crush South Nov. 1863 - Grant marched southwest from Nashville, destroying everything in his path Sept. 1864 - "March to the sea" Sherman, Grant, Union army laid seige to Atlanta Sherman sent half of army to Savannah Cut a path of destruction through Georgia, cutting South in half May 1865 - Appomatox Grant returned to North and attempted another attack on Richmond Lee's forces blocked him but were finally pinned down April 9, 1865 - Lee surrendered to Grant