APStudent.com IV. The Jeffersonians Public education improved after Revolutionary War 1780-90 - educational opportunities for women and American Indians expanded By 1800 there were 22 public colleges Benjamin Rush - founded first medical school, taught sanitation Early American cultural movements Hartford Wits - poets Joel Barlow - "The Columbiad" Mason Weems, Life of Washington - fictionalized biography Second Great Awakening Congregational Church was breaking up, new churches emerged Unitarian and Universalism Started in Kentucky in 1801, based on Methodism, Baptism Completely democratic church system - open to Indians, Blacks, women Salvation through good works, tolerance of all Protestant sects Eventually replaced by factory system Neolin and Handsome Lake Native American preachers Handsome Lake encouraged Indians to adopt white way of life Early American industrial advancements Cotton gin - made low-grade cotton and slave labor viable Oliver Evans - steam engine and auto flour mill Lancaster Pike (1818) - road across Pennsylvania Fulton & Livingston - steamboat Merchant marines took over French and English shipping lanes Growth of cities Philadelphia was largest city in U.S. Next largest were New York, Baltimore, Boston, and Charleston Pierre L'enfant - D.C. architect Election of 1800 ("Revolution of 1800") Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) vs. Burr (D-R) vs. Adams (Federalist) Jefferson and Burr tied, Jefferson won in House of Representatives vote Jefferson's administration Spoils system - Jefferson fired Federalist office holders and replaced them Jefferson scaled down federal government, armed forces, judiciary Barbary War Sultan at Tripoli cut down U.S. flag to provoke U.S. War was never declared, but some skirmishes Barbary reduced bribe rates and U.S. agreed to pay Impeachment of Samuel Chase - politically motivated Toussaint L'Ouverture - led slave revolt in Santo Domingo Soured Napoleon on colonies Prompted sale of Lousiana to U.S. for $15,000,000 Louisiana became first Louisiana Purchase state Exploration - Lewis & Clark to Washington state, Pike in the southwest Spain ended Pickney Treaty, forbade U.S. to enter New Orleans U.S. fleet threatened New Orleans Essex Junto - extreme Federalists Lead by Aaron Burr (Jefferson's vice president) Wanted New England to secede (1805) Hamilton-Burr duel Burr ran for New York governor and lost, blamed Hamilton for spreading bad PR 1804 - Burr shot Hamilton in duel, fled, and joined mercenaries Burr claimed he was going to conquer Mexico U.S. thought he was going to lead a secession movement in the territories 1806 - Burr tried for treason and aquitted French/English War became Napoleonic Wars 1805 - Trafalgar - England wiped out French fleet 1806 - Napoleon's Continental System Closed continental Europe to all ships that had docked in England 1807 - Blockade by England Only ships that had docked in England could trade in Europe Chesapeake-Leopard incident Chesapeake refused to allow British to board (because of impressment) Leopard opened fire U.S. expelled all British ships from U.S. waters Britain apologized for the incident 1807 - Embargo, Enforcement Act No ships could leave U.S. 1809 - Non-intercourse Act Prohibited trade with France and England 1810 - Macon's Bill No. 2 U.S. would resume trade with whichever nation lifted its restrictions first France lifted restrictions, and U.S.-French trade resumed 1811 - Embargo against England only Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Weakened tribes, looked to England and Spain for aid The Prophet - preacher, Tecumseh - Shawnee chief Wanted to unite tribes 1811 - Harrison defeated Indians at Tippecanoe War movement War with England would be excuse to annex Florida from Spain, Englands ally Ambitious war supporters hoped to annex Canada as well War Hawks - Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun 1810 - U.S. siezed western Florida and annexed it War of 1812 1812 - U.S. invasion to Canada defeated U.S. naval victories on Great Lakes Tecumseh defeated U.S. in Illinois 1813 - Tecumseh killed at the Battle of Thames 1814 - Jackson defeated southern Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend British burned Washington, D.C. and raided costal towns 1814 - Jackson seized Florida, U.S. turned back British invasion of New York 1815 - Battle of New Orleans Dec. 1814 - Hartford Convention Discussed secession, proposed amendments, right of nullification Destroyed Federalists 1814 - Treaty of Ghent Signed by John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Albert Galatin Return to status quo 1815 - Treaty gave U.S. right to trade freely in British empire 1817 - Rush-Bagot Treaty Disarmed Great Lakes, later expanded into unarmed U.S./Canadan border War of 1812 opened up West to settlement, but ended hope of conquering Canada or Florida Post-war economic developments 1819 - Brief post-war depression caused by overproduction War increased textile mills in New England, cotton production in South 1816 - Many tariffs passed to protect U.S. production Canal and road systems expanded Great Migration From New England to Ohio Valley From South to Mississippi, Louisiana, and Missouri Four new states - Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama 1821 - Mexico won independence from Spain, weaker government American fur trappers moved into southwest Stephen Long Explored middle of Louisiana Purchase (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado) Claimed land was worthless - "Great American Desert" Era of Good Feelings Post-war economic growth and prosperity Only one political party (Republican) James Madison (president 1808 - 1816) Made John Q. Adams his Secretary of State Included different regions/parties in his staff James Monroe (president 1816 - 1824, kept John Q. Adams as Sec. of State) 1818 - Spain had Seminoles raid U.S. John Q. Adams ordered Jackson to seize Spanish forts in North Florida Convinced Spanish they could not defend Florida 1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty Spain gave Florida to U.S. U.S. gave up claims to Texas to Spain 1819 Depression ended Era of Good Feelings Blamed on banks, but was really caused by overproduction 1819 - Missouri controversy Missouri had slaves, but Northerners opposed adding Missouri as a slave state Federalists used controversy as an issue to gain power Rufus King (Federalist) ran against Madison Issue resolved when Maine applied for statehood as a free state 1820 - Missouri Compromise Missouri and Maine both became states Southern border of Missouri would be cut-off line for slavery Monroe Doctrine Many Latin American countries were declaring independence U.S. feared European nations would move in and take over the new democracies 1823 - France authorized to invade Spain and take over to end civil war U.S. feared France would also take over Spanish colonies Monroe Doctrine Attempts by Europe to interfere in Western Hemisphere would be taken as threat to the U.S. At the time, mostly just a show of nationalism Whig Party formed from remains of Federalist Party Election of 1824 - John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford Jackson got the most votes, but no one got a majority "Corrupt Bargain" Clay gave his support to Adams Adams made Clay his Secretary of State American System (Henry Clay) Foster U.S. manufacturing with high tariffs Strengthen National Bank Direct federal financing of internal improvements (Madison had vetoed a bill for financing internal improvements with federal money) Adams prevented from actually implementing American System Jackson's supporters filled Congress and voted against it Only the tariffs were enacted 1828 - Tariff of Abominations Election of 1824 - Jackson won by a large margin